Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia español como lengua extranjera comprensión lectora

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This study investigates how Spanish heritage language (SHL) learners, and second language (L2) learners cognitively and socially engage with texts through collaborative digital annotations. Conducted in two advanced online writing courses with forty students, the study employed Perusall, a social annotation platform, to examine reading behaviors and peer interactions. Quantitative analysis revealed both similarities and differences in strategy use: while both groups demonstrated equal levels of interaction, SHL learners favored Evaluating and Connecting strategies, suggesting reflective, experience-based engagement, whereas L2 learners more frequently used Questioning and Translating strategies, indicating a more...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia cognición y procesamiento subjuntivo

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Of the few studies that have investigated the linguistic development of heritage speakers (HSs) in the study abroad (SA) context, none have utilized on-line experiments, in spite of these tasks' clear methodological benefits. In this study, therefore, we test HSs' on-line sensitivity to lexically selected mood morphology in Spanish. Ten adult HSs completed a self-paced reading task at the beginning and end of a fifteen-week-long SA program in Spain. The task assessed both (a) whether HSs were sensitive to mood incongruencies (e.g., by slowing down after ungrammatical verbs) and (b) whether that (in)sensitivity was different with regular vs. irregular verbs. It was hypothesized that participants would be more...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia cognición y procesamiento concordancia de género

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This eye-tracking study examined how heritage speakers of Spanish process gender agreement morphology at a distance, focusing on the activation of the gender feature during sentence processing. Previous work is conceptually replicated and further extended by assessing (1) whether reduced sensitivity to gender agreement mismatches when another word intervenes between the head noun and its modifying adjective stems from weakened gender feature activation, (2) whether a gender-marked determiner enhances this activation, and (3) whether Age of Onset of Bilingualism (AOB) plays a role in this activation. Fifty-three English-dominant heritage speakers of Spanish and a comparison group of 32 Spanish-dominant monolingually...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia español como lengua extranjera cognición y procesamiento

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This study investigates the cognitive processing of Spanish idioms from a pragmatic perspective, with the goal of examining the idiom superiority effect. An eye-tracking experiment was conducted with 77 participants to assess how idiomaticity influences processing and whether heritage speakers align more with L1 or L2 patterns. Results show a processing advantage for idioms among L1 speakers, suggesting reduced cognitive load in later stages. Both heritage and L2 speakers showed longer reading times, but only L2 speakers benefited consistently from idiomaticity. Heritage speakers processed idioms more slowly, indicating difficulty with opacity despite early exposure. Findings support hybrid models of idiom...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia cognición y procesamiento concordancia de género

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The present study analyzes individual differences in the facilitative processing of grammatical gender by heritage speakers of Spanish, asking whether these differences correlate with lexical proficiency. Results from an eye-tracking study in the Visual World Paradigm replicate prior findings that, as a group, heritage speakers of Spanish show facilitative processing of gender. Importantly, in a follow-up within-group analysis, we test whether three measures of lexical proficiency—oral picture-naming, verbal fluency, and LexTALE—predict individual performance. We find that lexical proficiency, as measured by LexTALE, predicts overall word recognition; however, we observe no effects of the other measures and no...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia ortografía análisis de errores

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Despite the increase in studies on Spanish as a heritage language (SHL), few focus on spelling, with research limited to the U.S. According to the adaptive control hypothesis, language production is governed by control processes, which adapt to the demands of real-world interactional contexts. In this article, these control processes are inferred from the interlingual spelling errors observed in Gibraltarian SHL speakers. The hypothesis is that the Gibraltar dense code-switching context will be manifested in a high number of interlingual misspellings in Spanish due to English interference. Misspellings were identified in the written productions of a sample of 80 Gibraltarian pre-college SHL students (N = 40 in...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia cognición y procesamiento bilingüismo

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This study investigates how Mexican Spanish/U.S. English heritage bilinguals process scope ambiguities in sentences containing the existential quantifiers a/una and the universal quantifiers every/cada in English and Spanish. Sentences like "A person bought every book" are syntactically ambiguous in both languages, allowing for multiple possible interpretations. Research suggests that one interpretation is often preferred due to lower cognitive demand, though degree of preference varies across languages. Notably, heritage bilinguals may have distinct interpretation preferences in each language, highlighting the complexity of bilingual processing. Sixty Spanish/English heritage bilinguals (Age M = 25.48, SD = 2.65)...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia cognición y procesamiento bilingüismo

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This study investigates the effect of code-switching (CS) on the processing and attachment resolution of ambiguous relative clauses (RCs) like "Bill saw the friend of the neighbor that was talking about football" by heritage speakers of Spanish. It checks whether code-switching imposes a prosodic break at the place of language change, and whether this prosodic break affects RC parsing, as predicted by the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis: a high attachment (HA) preference results from a prosodic break at the RC. A prosodic break at the preposition "of" in the complex DP "the friend of the neighbor" entails a low attachment (LA) preference. The design compares RC resolution in unilingual sentences (Spanish, with a...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia cognición y procesamiento concordancia de número

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This eye tracking study examined the role of lexical frequency in the processing of non-local verbal number agreement by heritage speakers of Spanish. Few prior studies of heritage bilingualism have investigated the role of word frequency in the comprehension or production of morphosyntax, and none have employed a real-time measure of sentence processing, despite the well-known sensitivity of such methods to word frequency and the proposal of some scholars that such online methodologies could be particularly useful in research on heritage speakers. Fifty heritage speakers of Spanish read stimulus sentences containing non-local verbal number agreement that depended on a verb that was either high or low frequency,...

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Tipo: artículo

Metodología: estudio empírico

Temas: español como lengua de herencia español como lengua extranjera cognición y procesamiento

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This study explores the cognitive processing of discourse construction mechanisms in Spanish, focusing on counter-argumentative relations that involve anaphoric encapsulation through either pronominal (e.g., a pesar de ello) or lexical forms (e.g., a pesar de [NP]). These constructions combine procedural meaning with referential retrieval, placing complex demands on discourse integration. Using eye-tracking data from 77 participants across three speaker groups, namely, L1, heritage, and L2 speakers, this study yields three main findings: (1) nominal expressions do not incur greater processing effort than pronominal ones under optimal communicative conditions; (2) heritage and L2 speakers exhibit higher processing...

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