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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/clac.76713

El presente artículo explora la aplicación de la metonimia conceptual (Lakoff, 1987; Ruiz de Mendoza, 2000; Langacker, 2009; Panther, Thornburg y Barcelona, 2009; Barcelona 2013) en el desarrollo de materiales pedagógicos para la enseñanza del sistema verbal a aprendientes de español como segunda lengua/lengua extranjera. Para ello, se describen las ventajas de introducir el razonamiento inferencial mediante la metonimia en los materiales didácticos —descripciones y actividades—, a partir de algunos de los principios del modelo de la Gramática Cognitiva (Langacker, 1987, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2008, 2009). El artículo se centra en los usos de tiempos verbales que implican procesos metonímicos, en concreto, las extensiones de significado presentes en dos tiempos pretéritos en español: (1) el significado accional de verbos estativos cuando se transmiten con pretérito indefinido, como en Pudimos comprar la casa, que se ve ampliado metonímicamente a Compramos la casa; y (2) el uso distanciador (citativo) del pretérito imperfecto referido a eventos o situaciones presentes, como en ¿Cómo te llamabas?, ampliado metonímicamente a Se me ha dicho/No recuerdo/No he oído cómo te llamas. Por último, con el fin de analizar en qué medida este enfoque puede contribuir a la enseñanza del sistema verbal español, se explora el potencial pedagógico de algunas técnicas y recursos, en concreto, (a) descripciones gramaticales pedagógicas centradas en el razonamiento metafórico y metonímico, (b) ejercicios de paráfrasis centrados en la indeterminación del significado para promover la concienciación de los aprendientes, y (c) la creación de redes y el uso de imágenes (dinámicas) para ejemplificar la variabilidad de las conceptualizaciones del significado gramatical

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This paper explores the application of conceptual metonymy (Lakoff, 1987; Ruiz de Mendoza, 2000; Langacker, 2009; Panther, Thornburg and Barcelona, 2009; Barcelona, 2013) in the development of pedagogical resources for the teaching of the Spanish verbal system to L2/FL learners. To this end, a description is given of the advantages of introducing inferential reasoning using metonymy based on certain principles taken from the Cognitive Grammar model (Langacker, 1987, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2008, 2009) in grammar teaching materials — both descriptions and activities. We focus on tense uses that involve metonymic processes, particularly, the meaning extensions in two Spanish past tenses: (1) the actional meaning of stative verbs when conveyed in pretérito indefinido (preterit), as in Pudimos comprar la casa 'We could buy the house', metonymically extended to Compramos la casa 'We bought the house'; and (2) the distancing use (uso citativo) of pretérito imperfecto (imperfect) when referring to current facts, as in ¿Cómo te llamabas? (How PRO.REFL.2SG call.IPFV.PST.2SG?) 'What was your name again?', which is metonymically extended to (Se me ha dicho/No recuerdo/No he oído) cómo te llamas [('I have been told/I can't recall/I couldn't hear') how PRO.REFL.2SG call.PRES.2SG]. In order to discuss the kind of contribution that this conceptual standpoint can make to the teaching of the Spanish verbal system, the pedagogical potential of some techniques and resources is explored in terms of (a) metonymic and metaphorical reasoning in pedagogical grammar descriptions, (b) consciousness-raising paraphrase exercises focused on meaning indeterminacy, and (c) network building and the use of (dynamic) images to show variable construals in grammatical meaning.

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This article presents the Spanish version of the Computer-Assisted Listening and Speaking Tutor (CALST), an online platform that can be used to complement pronunciation training in the classroom. The Spanish CALST offers listening, speaking, and spelling exercises for Northern-Central Peninsular Spanish as an L2. Exercises are tailored by an automatic comparison with the learner’s native language based on a database of phonetically specified phoneme inventories for over 500 languages, with the result that learners with different L1s are exposed to different exercises adapted to their specific needs. In this article, we present a description of the exercises as well as the criteria used to develop Spanish content for CALST. We discuss the limitations of the platform, the logging of user results as a partial solution to these limitations, and the possible future use of the logged data to increase our understanding of L2 acquisition.

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This study investigated the effectiveness of word-frequency and teacher judgments in determining students’ vocabulary knowledge and compared the predictive powers of both approaches when estimating vocabulary knowledge. Twenty-nine second language (L2) Spanish teachers were asked to predict how likely their students would know words from a 216-word Yes/No test that measures knowledge of the first 3,000 words in Spanish. The accuracy of their responses was compared with the results of 1,075 L2 Spanish students who completed the same test. To examine if the results could generalize to other L2 settings, 394 L2 English students completed a 70-word Yes/No test that measures knowledge of the first 14,000 words in English, and 15 L2 English language instructors attempted to predict which words would or would not be recognized. Results showed that for both language contexts, (1) the median teacher rater could assess students’ vocabulary knowledge with an accuracy roughly comparable to frequency, (2) the combination of teachers’ judgments displayed a stronger relationship with students’ performance on the vocabulary test than frequency, since the average of three or more teachers’ ratings improved upon frequency when examined with 1,000 bootstrapped samples, and (3) using teacher judgments and frequency together did not substantially improve the prediction of students’ vocabulary knowledge.

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In this report, I describe the research and curricular changes I am implementing to deal with issues of inequity encountered by Black students in the Spanish program I direct at Western Michigan University. In the first stage, a comprehensive analysis of student demographics, enrollment, and academic performance over six years revealed that Black and African American students begin Spanish education at high rates but are less likely to advance to courses beyond second-year Spanish and more likely to obtain lower final grades than other groups. These findings are consistent with literature showing similar patterns of participation and achievement among Black students in language learning across secondary and higher education. Following methodologies used in previous studies, the second phase of the project consists of a comprehensive needs analysis composed of surveys, interviews, and class observations aimed at better understanding Black students’ experiences and needs in my department’s Spanish program. Based on results from the needs analysis, the last part of the project will educate personnel in the program on issues of equity and diversity and will implement changes in the curriculum to make our Spanish courses more relevant for Black students. 

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The educational impact of Generative AI (GenAI) technologies, such as ChatGPT, has received significant attention. We use the TPACK framework to discuss the types of knowledge teachers require to effectively use GenAI tools. We highlight the qualities of GenAI that make it like other digital technologies (they are protean, opaque, and unstable) as well as qualities that make it revolutionary (namely, they are generative and social). We describe how these traits affect specific knowledge domains (TK, TPK, TCK, XK, and TPACK) and explore implications for educators. Finally, we argue for a more expansive description of Contextual Knowledge (XK), going beyond the immediate context to include considerations of how GenAI will change individuals, society and, through that, the broader educational context.

Language corpora can play a significant role in second language education, particularly given the benefits of data-driven learning. However, most teachers are not able to effectively utilize technologies that search, summarize, and contextualize corpus samples and lack training in the design and implementation of corpus-based learning tasks and materials. Even though attempts to implement formal teacher training in these areas have started to emerge, they tend to concentrate on English language contexts. Similar experiences in Spanish teacher education are almost non-existent, even though digital literacy is a key competency in the preparation of foreign language teachers. Consequently, Spanish language teachers can only rely on general suggestions on how to integrate corpus methods and resources into their practice. This article reviews the scholarly literature on teacher training on pedagogical uses of corpora and describes ways in which Spanish pre- and in-service teachers can be trained in the use of corpus tools.

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Los corpus pueden jugar un papel importante en la formación de docentes de lenguas, sobre todo, por los beneficios del aprendizaje basado en datos de corpus. Sin embargo, el profesorado encuentra difícil utilizar efectivamente las tecnologías de búsqueda, resumen y contextualización de muestras lingüísticas al carecer de preparación en el diseño e implementación de actividades y materiales basados en corpus. Si bien están surgiendo modelos de formación docente, estos se concentran principalmente en la enseñanza del inglés. Experiencias similares en español son prácticamente inexistentes, a pesar de que la literacidad digital es una competencia clave en la preparación de docentes de segundas lenguas. Consecuentemente, el profesorado cuenta solamente con recomendaciones generales para integrar información de los corpus en la enseñanza. En este artículo se hace una revisión de estudios relevantes sobre la materia y se describen técnicas para el uso de los corpus por parte de docentes en formación y en servicio.

This article argues for translation as a fifth skill in language learning and for its integration in a systematic, purposeful, and informed manner in the Spanish language curriculum, with special attention to the situation in the United States. After reviewing the relevant literature in the fields of translation studies (TS) and language acquisition and teaching, we contend that a narrow, specialized, and one-dimensional view of translation, on the translation side, and a rigid ban on the use of the native language on the part of the SLA/teaching community prevented a fruitful integration of translation in the second language (L2) classroom. A broader conceptual definition of translation as cross-linguistic language mediation provides for a much more promising interaction. Taking this conceptual basis as the point of departure, the article suggests research directions as well as specific curricular ideas and strategies to implement the integration of translation in Spanish language teaching. It also highlights the benefits that can be derived from this reconceptualization of the field, e.g., an improved ability to prepare students and to address a much more complex language learning situation created by issues such as globalization, and increased immigration from/to Spanish-speaking countries

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Este artículo defiende la conceptualización de la traducción como una quinta destreza en el aprendizaje de lenguas y la necesidad de su integración de forma sistemática, estratégica y bien fundada en la enseñanza del español, con un enfoque especial en la situación de Estados Unidos. Tras pasar revista a la literatura en estudios de traducción y de adquisición y enseñanza del español, sostenemos que los factores que han frenado la incorporación de la traducción en la enseñanza de lenguas han sido, por una parte, una visión de la traducción excesivamente especializada y unidimensional y, por otra, la prohibición del uso de la lengua materna en el campo de la enseñanza y adquisición de lenguas. Una conceptualización más amplia de la traducción como proceso de mediación interlingüística constituye la base sobre la que se puede fundamentar una interacción más prometedora. Tomando como punto de partida esta definición, este artículo propone líneas de investigación y sugerencias curriculares para integrar la práctica de la traducción en la clase de español. Además, se enfatizan los beneficios que se pueden derivar de tal visión del campo, tales como la formación de profesionales mejor preparados y la capacidad de afrontar un panorama lingüístico mucho más complejo, resultado de la globalización y del aumento de la migración de países de habla hispana.