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We present a selective review of studies on Romance languages wherein acceptability experiments played an important role in advancing our knowledge of the grammars of particular linguistic varieties and, by extension, furthering our knowledge of human language and linguistic theory. First, we examine recent studies on word order in wh-questions across varieties of Spanish. Next, we examine the value of acceptability experiments in the study of infrequent structures (e.g. clitic left-dislocation, focus fronting). We highlight the importance of data triangulation by examining studies of information focus in Spanish, emphasizing the impact that methodological choices can have on results. We also examine control and raising structures in Brazilian Portuguese, where conflicting results have required innovative methodological approaches. Since acceptability intuitions may be uniquely nuanced for minority languages, we also briefly discuss how data that is typically used in other theoretical paradigms can contribute to data triangulation with lesser-spoken Romance varieties.

Rooted in socio-constructivism, the present article investigates the effects of type of collaborative translation on Spanish L2 development, triangulating data from task performance, learning outcomes, and learners’ perceptions. Thirteen dyads of college students participated in a within-subjects repeated-measures experimental study, translating authentic texts in two ways: collaborating from the get-go and after working alone first. Results showed that while participants translated more lexical items accurately when working together from the get-go, both types of collaborative translation propelled similar learning gains in lexis and grammar. Of the two, only lexical learning was retained after one week. Participants, contrary to results, reported a clear preference for working alone first, which they perceived as more conducive to learning.

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Este artículo investiga, desde una perspectiva socioconstructivista, los efectos del tipo de traducción colaborativa en el aprendizaje de español como L2, triangulando datos de la realización de la tarea, los resultados del aprendizaje y las percepciones de los aprendices. Trece parejas de universitarios participaron en un estudio experimental intrasujetos de medidas repetidas, traduciendo textos auténticos de dos maneras: colaborando desde el principio y después de trabajar individualmente. Los resultados indican que, si bien los participantes tradujeron más unidades léxicas correctamente al colaborar desde el principio, ambos tipos de traducción colaborativa propiciaron cotas de aprendizaje similares para léxico y gramática. De los dos, solo el aprendizaje léxico fue retenido una semana más tarde. Los participantes, contrariamente a los resultados obtenidos, manifestaron una clara preferencia por trabajar solos primero, modalidad que percibieron como más efectiva pedagógicamente.

Both applied cognitive linguistics (ACL) researchers and linguists, and language instructors and professionals looking for a comprehensive and innovative access to ACL from the direct point of view of applied L2 Pedagogy, will find this Element to be of interest. There is great demand for quality teaching materials, a need for guidance on how to design them and which technology tools are of value. This Element takes a theoretical approach to that design while offering direct examples and tips for practitioners and researchers. Questions about empirical studies are explored, probing prominent empirical research, and the author provides promising evidence to support their recommendations on assetment-task design for future research. Linguists, researchers, linguistics students, graduate academic programs, and teachers of L2 languages alike will find value in this Element.

Índice
Introduction
1. L2 Language Teaching versus the Linguistics of L2
2. The Realized Potential of Applied Cognitive Linguistics
and L2 Instruction 
3. Methodological Aspects and Resources
4. Cognitive Pedagogical Design
5. Cognitive Empirical Design
6. Conclusions
References

Texto en inglés
Texto en español

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field of researchers from psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, and anthropology who seek to understand the mind. In this regular American Educator column, we consider findings from this field that are strong and clear enough to merit classroom application.

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The teacher presents a strong, coherent lesson in which a set of significant facts is clearly connected to a reasonable conclusion. But, at test time, the students show no understanding of the connections. Some students parrot back the conclusion, but no facts. Others spit back memorized facts, but don't see how they fit together. Though the lesson wasn't taught in a rote way, it seems like rote knowledge is what the students took in. Why do well-integrated, coherent lessons often come back to us in a less meaningful, fragmented form? Can cognitive science help explain why this result is so common—and offer ideas about how to avoid it?

Artículo en inglés
Artículo en español

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field of researchers from psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, and anthropology who seek to understand the mind. In this regular American Educator column, we consider findings from this field that are strong and clear enough to merit classroom application.

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Very often, students will think they understand a body of material. Believing that they know it, they stop trying to learn more. But, come test time, it turns out they really don't know the material. Can cognitive science tell us anything about why students are commonly mistaken about what they know and don't know? Are there any strategies teachers can use to help students better estimate what they know?

Through the application of self-determination theory (SDT) to research and practice, this book deepens our understanding of how autonomous language learning can be supported and understood within environments outside of the classroom. Theoretical, empirical and practice-focused chapters examine autonomy support in a range of contexts and settings, dealing with learning environments and open spaces, communities and relationships, and advising and self-access language learning. They reveal what occurs beyond the classroom, how socializing agents support autonomous motivation and wellness, and how SDT can enhance our understanding of supporting language learner autonomy. It will be of interest to language teachers, university lecturers and learning advisors who are providing support outside the classroom, as well as to graduate students and researchers who are working in the fields of applied linguistics and TESOL.

Contents
Tables and Figures
Contributors

Jo Mynard and Scott J. Shelton-Strong: Introduction: Autonomy Support Beyond the Language Learning Classroom: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective                                                                                

Part 1: Theoretical Underpinnings

1. Johnmarshall Reeve: A Brief but Comprehensive Overview of Self-Determination Theory

2. Johnmarshall Reeve: What it Means to 'Take Ownership over One's Own Learning' in a Self-Determination Theory Analysis

Part 2: Autonomy Support in Learning Environments and Open Spaces

3. Ali Dincer and Tuba Isik: Understanding the Inner Motivational Resources of Language Learners' Out-of-class Technology Use for Language Learning

4. Xuan Hoang, Alice Chik, Ruth French and Sue Ollerhead: Vietnamese EFL Students' Out-of-classroom Motivation Viewed through Self-Determination Theory

5. Yanling Li, Jiaxiu Zhang and Pingying Hu: Autonomy-supportive Online EFL Writing: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

6. Satoko Watkins: Creating Social Learning Opportunities Outside the Classroom: How Interest-based Learning Communities Support Learners' Basic Psychological Needs

Part 3: Autonomy Support in Communities and Relationships

7. Mustafa Firat, Kimberly A. Noels and Nigel Mantou Lou: Self-Determined Motivation in Language Learning beyond the Classroom: Interpersonal, Intergroup and Intercultural Processes

8. W.L. Quint Oga-Baldwin: The Quality of Our Connections Matters: Relationships Motivation Theory in Independent Language Learning

9. Satoko Kato: Establishing High-Quality Relationships through a Mentoring Programme: Relationships Motivation Theory

Part 4: Autonomy Support in Advising and Self-Access for Language Learning

10. Scott J. Shelton-Strong and Maria Giovanna Tassinari: Facilitating an Autonomy-Supportive Learning Climate: Advising in Language Learning and Basic Psychological Needs

11. Micòl Beseghi: Mindfulness and Advising in Language Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

12. Jo Mynard: Reimagining the Self-Access Centre as a Place to Thrive

Scott J. Shelton-Strong: Conclusion: Where to Go from Here?

Index 

This review study focuses on the challenges faced when conducting effects-of-instruction research in Applied Cognitive Linguistics. It offers an overview of relevant research that has sought to demonstrate the effectiveness of a cognitive-based approach to second language (L2) pedagogy and provides illustrations from previous work in L2 Spanish by the author and colleagues of some of the factors that can influence findings in quasi-experimental research. More specifically, the study addresses some of the difficulties encountered in the design of materials and assessment tests, during the pedagogical intervention and the data collection and data analysis phases. These include choice of assessment, test effects, sample size, withdrawal, and time-on-task, among others. Along with these methodological issues, a discussion of possible solutions as well as pedagogical and methodological implications are discussed.