Bibliografía - 2024
Este artículo explora el potencial de JASP (Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program, https://jasp-stats.org/) como herramienta estadística robusta para avanzar en la investigación sobre la Adquisición de Segundas Lenguas (ASL), con un énfasis específico en su aplicación dentro del dominio de la escritura en L2. El dominio de la escritura en una segunda lengua es una habilidad compleja y polifacética, que exige una investigación empírica rigurosa para descubrir patrones y perspectivas matizados. JASP, conocido por su interfaz fácil de usar y sus avanzadas capacidades estadísticas, se perfila como un instrumento prometedor para los investigadores que buscan desentrañar los entresijos del desarrollo de la escritura en L2. El artículo comienza proporcionando una visión general de las características incorporadas en JASP y continúa discutiendo algunas de las investigaciones existentes en el campo de ASL que implementa JASP como una herramienta de análisis de datos. A continuación, se ofrece una descripción detallada del uso de JASP en dos trabajos de escritura de L2, en los que se discuten las decisiones de análisis de datos. Además, la discusión profundiza en las implicaciones prácticas de la utilización de JASP en la investigación de la escritura en L2, incluyendo su capacidad para acomodar muestras de pequeño tamaño, manejar interacciones complejas y facilitar análisis transparentes y reproducibles. El artículo concluye abogando por la adopción generalizada de JASP en la investigación de SLA, al tiempo que postula que su integración promete avanzar en nuestra comprensión de las complejidades del desarrollo de la escritura en L2 y contribuir al perfeccionamiento de los enfoques pedagógicos en la enseñanza de segundas lenguas.
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This paper explores the potential of JASP (Jeffreys’s Amazing Statistics Program, https://jaspstats. org/) as a robust statistical tool in advancing Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research, with a specific emphasis on its application within the domain of L2 writing. Second language writing proficiency is a complex and multifaceted skill, demanding rigorous empirical investigation to uncover nuanced patterns and insights. JASP, known for its user-friendly interface and advanced statistical capabilities, emerges as a promising instrument for researchers seeking to unravel the intricacies of L2 writing development. The paper begins by providing an overview of the features embedded in JASP and continues to discuss some of the extant research within the field of SLA that implements JASP as a data analysis tool. Follows is a detailed description of the use of JASP in two L2 writing papers, in which the data analysis decisions are discussed. Furthermore, the discussion delves into the practical implications of utilizing JASP in L2 writing research, including its ability to accommodate small sample sizes, handle complex interactions, and facilitate transparent and reproducible analyses. The paper concludes by advocating for the widespread adoption of JASP in SLA research, positing that its integration holds the promise of advancing our understanding of the intricacies of L2 writing development and contributing to the refinement of pedagogical approaches in second language education.
As emotions research in the field of second language acquisition continues to evolve, it is equally important to explore the impact of social–emotional variables that are specifically relevant to heritage language (HL) contexts. Anchoring on foundations in critical heritage language education (HLE), this study examines the discomforts of the HL classroom from a diverse heritage speaker (HS) perspective. Additionally, comforts that support the HL classroom as a safe space for emotional security and well-being for HSs across HLs are explored. Examining the HL classroom from the perspective of HL practices and knowledge systems, this study ultimately aims to: (a) outline the emotional complexity of HL pedagogical spaces, and (b) provide concrete and meaningful recommendations for supporting HS well-being and HL development from a transformative positive psychology lens. Data for the current qualitative study were provided through two separate methodologies. First, 64 HSs of Spanish responded to a qualitative questionnaire probing the emotional reactions and memories instigated by authentic HL classroom reading material on sensitive topics of racism, bilingualism, and immigration. The themes identified in written narrative data through an inductive thematic approach were then used as a foundation for semistructured interviews with language learners (n = 6) and educators (n = 8) from eight different HL backgrounds. Findings revealed feelings of comfort and discomfort, and even trauma and healing, in HLE spaces rooted in (a) language learning experiences, (b) social memories of (dis)comfort, and (c) intergenerational histories. Together, the data suggest how the HL classroom can act both as a trigger of social injustice, linguistic insecurity, and family conflict and, at the same time, as a space instigating affective reactions associated with social rebellion, linguistic confidence, intergenerational healing, and emotional refuge. Specific pedagogical recommendations are made to equip educators with a concrete toolkit for the HL classroom.
This study set out to re-examine the effectiveness of study abroad programs in second language (L2) acquisition through a multi-level meta-analysis. Overall, 42 primary studies published between 1995 and 2019 were identified, and in total 283 effect sizes were meta-analysed. This study implemented a three-level random effects model to account for the clustered, mutually dependent effect sizes often nested in the primary studies of L2 study abroad research. The results indicated a medium-to-large effect (g = 0.87) on study abroad language programs. Essentially, the featured moderators in general explained more heterogeneity variances at level 3 (i.e. the between-study level) than at level 2 (i.e. the within study level). For study abroad language learners, language acquisition is optimal when learners, in particular those of a lower proficiency level, take both formal and content-based language courses while living with host families. Learners’ age and pre-program training may not moderate the effectiveness of study abroad language programs. Importantly, this study further established that the length of study abroad programs are positively associated with learners’ language gains, but that an extended and prolonged domestic program does not necessarily lead to such gains. Research and pedagogical implications are further discussed based on the research findings.
World language teachers have historically relied on the notion of teaching methods to inform elements of design and procedure in their instructional practice. Teacher beliefs about teaching methods, however, have been shown to be significantly influenced by their context, including their institution and their learners. This phenomenon has led some scholars to identify a postmethod condition, where teachers prioritize making responsive, principled decisions about instruction based on their context. This qualitative study investigated the patterns and realities of the postmethod condition in practice through the lens of teacher beliefs about teaching methods, focusing on ten secondary-level world language teachers of French and Spanish in the USA. Data sources included a survey about teaching methods, in-depth interviews, and classroom observations. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, multiple phases of coding, and integrating analysis of the three sources. Findings indicated that teachers in this group largely identified as adhering to one main teaching approach, with eight of the ten self-identifying as using primarily comprehensible input and/or TPRS (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling) methods. However, through investigating their beliefs about grammar and accuracy; the four skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking; the importance of input and output; and instructional flow, we found that the teachers examined and reexamined their teaching methods regularly, largely due to the influences of their learners and their institution. The relationship between the teachers’ beliefs and practices was mediated by context-driven instructional decision-making, indicating the presence of a postmethod condition.
Los análisis de la representación de los géneros en materiales de ELE se han visto limitados hasta ahora por los métodos de recuento manual. El presente estudio abandona estos métodos y analiza la representación de los géneros en un corpus compuesto por 47 lecturas graduadas para estudiantes de ELE aplicando técnicas básicas de procesamiento del lenguaje natural basadas en el trabajo de Lucy, Demszky, Bromley y Jurafsky (2020). Se examinan las diferencias en el espacio dedicado a cada uno de los géneros y su evolución en el tiempo. Asimismo, se analiza el valor explicativo del sexo de los protagonistas sobre la distribución de menciones de hombres y mujeres. Los resultados muestran que, incluso cuando el protagonismo es compartido, las mujeres aparecen representadas en menor medida. Esta investigación aporta además un set de herramientas de análisis automático de textos que queda a disposición de la comunidad para el análisis de otros textos o para su adaptación al análisis de diferentes aspectos de la lengua con el fin de profundizar en la caracterización de los materiales de ELE.
Despite the growing interest in incorporating textual glosses into second language (L2) reading in hypermedia and paper media, no agreements have been reached as to whether and what extent a textual gloss facilitates L2 learners’ vocabulary acquisition in hypermedia and paper media. The present study meta-analysed the overall effects of textual glosses and different glossing types (i.e. language, location, and mode) on L2 vocabulary acquisition, as well as the moderation effects on the variability of L2 vocabulary acquisition effect sizes. Based on a comprehensive search, 20 studies involving 2,291 participants that have quantitatively documented the changes of L2 vocabulary gains through a pre-and-post textual glosses design were identified and coded in order to retrieve moderator variables. The results show the following: (1) textual glossing has a medium effect on L2 vocabulary acquisition; (2) the effect of textual glosses on L2 vocabulary acquisition persists over time; (3) glossing location and glossing mode significantly impact the effect of textual glosses on L2 vocabulary acquisition but glossing language has no definite effect; and (4) outcome measure is the only moderator variable among the three influencing factors on vocabulary acquisition. These results are further discussed with reference to existing studies and theory of second language acquisition.
According to Hopp’s Lexical Bottleneck Hypothesis, difficulties in second language (L2) lexical processing may lead to non-target syntactic computations. In line with this hypothesis, cognates – which are processed faster than non-cognates, as defined by the cognate facilitation effect – can ease L2 syntactic processing. In order to investigate whether cognates additionally facilitate L2 syntax learning, we had two groups of Spanish natives learn an artificial language drawing on Basque. Each group explicitly learnt a set of either Spanish–Basque cognates or non-cognates and a word order grammatical rule. Then, two sentence–picture matching tasks tested their ability to apply the rule (1) with cognates vs. non-cognates and (2) with novel cognate words. Results showed that, in both cases, cognate learners were better at applying the rule than non-cognate learners. This finding suggests that the cognate facilitation effect and its role in the Lexical Bottleneck Hypothesis can be extended from L2 processing to L2 learning. We end by mentioning possible implications of our results for second language teaching in adulthood.
Glossing is a widely used and examined vocabulary learning tool, and one of the major branches of glossing research has compared the relative effects of first language (L1) and second language (L2) glosses on reading comprehension and vocabulary learning. However, the findings in this literature have not been consistent, calling for a comprehensive and systematic review. To this end, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the relative effects of L1 and L2 glossing on L2 reading comprehension and L2 vocabulary learning. Based on 78 effect sizes gathered from 26 studies representing 30 independent samples (N = 2,189), we found that L1 glossing was more effective than L2 glossing in general (Hedge’s g = .33, SE = .09, p < .001), but the effect size may vary depending on the target outcome measure. The relative effectiveness of L1 glossing was particularly supported by the results of immediate posttests of vocabulary, rather than delayed posttests of vocabulary and reading comprehension tests. Further, among a few selected moderator variables, the results of meta-regression revealed that learners’ L2 proficiency level significantly influenced the average effectiveness, such that L1 glossing is particularly effective for beginner learners compared to those with intermediate or higher L2 proficiency levels.
El artículo analiza comparativamente la evolución de la madurez sintáctica en estudiantes de español como lengua materna y segunda/extranjera, entrenados con secuencias didácticas en torno a la lectura y la escritura. Se analizan 181 escritos de sujetos de primer curso de ESO y Bachillerato (España), y 150 de estudiantes de ESL/LE de nivel intermedio y avanzado. Analizamos dos variables: (1) condiciones de la expresión escrita y (2) diferencia entre los promedios de las pruebas postest y pretest. Los resultados muestran que los grupos entrenados obtienen mejores índices en la mayoría de las mediciones. Así pues, probamos en ambos colectivos (lengua materna y extranjera) la eficacia del entrenamiento diseñado para desarrollar sus habilidades lingüísticas.
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