The rapid evolution of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has transformed language education, presenting opportunities to enhance efficiency, personalisation and learner engagement. The technologies have also disrupted educators’ conventional roles, necessitating the acquisition of artificial intelligence (AI)-informed digital literacy competencies. This conceptual article explores the integration of GenAI technologies in language education through the lenses of technological pedagogical and content knowledge and substitution augmentation, modification and redefinition frameworks. By examining AI’s affordances and limitations, the article highlights the irreplaceability of the human role in cultivating critical thinking, cultural awareness, motivation and relationship-building. It calls for language educators to balance AI’s technological capabilities with pedagogical and relational expertise. Core competencies such as critical AI literacy, ethical data management and the ability to design transformative, student-centred learning experiences are essential. By redefining their roles as facilitators, language educators can harness AI’s potential to support deep engagement, creativity and communication without sacrificing the social and emotional dimensions of education. This article provides practical insights for educators, researchers and policymakers seeking to overcome the challenges and take advantage of AI-enhanced language education.
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