A systematic review on cross-culture, humor and empathy dimensions in conversational chatbots: the case of second language acquisition

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This study reviews the existing studies on AI second language (L2) chatbots to investigate the development of empathetic strategies for enhancing learners' learning outcomes. Prior studies from 2012 to 2022 in Web of Science, ProQuest, IEEE and ScienceDirect were collected and analyzed. The study found that three dimensions —cultural, empathetic and humorous— have a positive influence on the application of AI L2 chatbots. Several recommendations are made, including integrating cross-cultural empathetic responses in conversational L2 chatbots, identifying how learners perceive and react to the learning content, and investigating the effects of cross-culture humor on learners' language proficiency.