This scoping review summarizes the empirical research on using chatbots to promote student motivation in learning. With a systematic analysis of 43 relevant studies published between 1966 and 2023, it addresses five aspects: underlying theories, motivational outcomes investigated, intervention designs, the relationship between chatbots and student motivation, and chatbot characteristics. Engagement, interest, and intrinsic motivation were the most investigated among 32 motivational variables. Overall, chatbot interactions positively correlated with student motivation, although sustained interest was related to prior human interactions. Chatbots generally outperformed non-chatbot conditions but lagged behind interventions involving human feedback.
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