Understanding motivation, behaviors, and boredom in L2 learning: Variable-centered and person-centered approaches

Language learning behaviors, such as procrastination and engagement, are concrete actions closely linked to learning outcomes, but our understanding of them, especially procrastination, is limited. Boredom is a ubiquitous negative emotion among second language (L2) learners. In researching learning behaviors and boredom, previous L2 studies have rarely considered all the core motivational variables (cost, in particular), so a full account of motivational dynamics in L2 learning is still lacking. Additionally, current knowledge on how multiple motivational constructs function together at the individual level in shaping learning behaviors and boredom remains limited. The present study aims to address these gaps by using both variable-centered and person-centered approaches. Participants were 784 university students as L2 English learners. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed self-efficacy and task values predicted behaviors and boredom. Notably, cost stood out as a unique predictor of procrastination and boredom. Latent profile analyses identified four motivational profiles (highly motivated, moderately motivated, less motivated, and demotivated) which were statistically different in students' behaviors and boredom. These findings provide theoretical and pedagogical implications.