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When learners of a new language draw on their native language (or on any other that they may know), this earlier acquired linguistic knowledge may influence their success. Such cross-linguistic influence, also known as language transfer, has long raised questions about what linguists can predict about success in the new language and about what processes are involved in using prior knowledge. This book lucidly brings together many insights on transfer: e.g. on the relation between translation and transfer, the relation between comprehension and production, and the problem of how complete any predictions of difficulty may ever be. The discussions also explore implications for future research and for classroom practice. The book will thus serve as a reliable guide for teachers, researchers, translators, interpreters, and students curious about language contact.

Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction

Part 1: Predictions and Constraints

Chapter 2. Was There Really Ever a Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis?

Chapter 3. Could a Contrastive Analysis Ever be Complete?

Chapter 4. Word-order Transfer, Metalinguistic Awareness and Constraints on Foreign Language Learning

Part 2: Language-specific Processing and Transfer

Chapter 5. Language Transfer and the Link between Comprehension and Production

Chapter 6. Focus Constructions and Language Transfer

Chapter 7. Translation and Language Transfer

Chapter 8. Conclusion

References

This book traces and summarizes the author's theoretical insights and empirical findings in the field of foreign language education. The volume explores themes such as individual differences in L1 ability and their connection to L2 aptitude and L2 achievement, L2 anxiety as an affective or cognitive variable, and the relationship between L1 and L2 reading. The book includes the author's previously published works, presented together with newly written commentaries on those topics, as well as commentaries on new empirical work. It will be of interest to students and researchers in SLA, educational practitioners and language policymakers.

CONTENIDOS

Richard L. Sparks: Introduction and Overview

Part 1: Theoretical Insights into L1-L2 Relationships: IDs in L1 Attainment and the Linguistic Coding Differences Hypothesis (LCDH)

1. Richard L. Sparks and Leonore Ganschow: Searching for the Cognitive Locus of Foreign Language Learning Difficulties: Linking First and Second Language Learning

2. Richard L. Sparks and Leonore Ganschow: The Impact of Native Language Learning Problems on Foreign Language Learning: Case Study Illustrations of the Linguistic Coding Deficit Hypothesis

3. Richard L. Sparks: Examining the Linguistic Coding Differences Hypothesis to Explain Individual Differences in Foreign Language Learning

Part 2: Empirical Support for L1–L2 Relationships and Cross-linguistic Transfer

4. Richard L. Sparks, Jon Patton, Leonore Ganschow, Nancy Humbach and James Javorsky: Long-term Cross-linguistic Transfer of Skills from L1 to L2

5. Richard L. Sparks, Jon Patton and Julie Luebbers: Individual Differences in L2 Achievement Mirror Individual Differences in L1 Skills and L2 Aptitude: Cross-linguistic Transfer of L1 Skills to L2

6. Richard L. Sparks, Jon Patton, Leonore Ganschow and Nancy Humbach: Do L1 Reading Achievement and L1 Print Exposure Contribute to the Prediction of L2 Proficiency?

Part 3: Relationships Among IDs in L1 Attainment, L2 Aptitude, and L2 Proficiency

7. Richard L. Sparks, Jon Patton and Leonore Ganschow: Profiles of More and Less Successful L2 Learners: A Cluster Analysis Study

8. Richard L. Sparks, Jon Patton, Leonore Ganschow and Nancy Humbach: Long-term Relationships among Early First Language Skills, Second Language Aptitude, Second Language Affect and Later Second Language Proficiency

9. Richard L. Sparks, Jon Patton, Leonore Ganschow and Nancy Humbach: Subcomponents of Second Language Aptitude and Second Language Proficiency

Part 4: L2 Anxiety: Affective Variable or Cognitive Variable?

10. Richard L. Sparks and Leonore Ganschow: Foreign Language Learning Difficulties: Affective or Native Language Aptitude Differences? 

11. Richard L. Sparks and Leonore Ganschow: Is the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) Measuring Anxiety or Language Skills?

12. Richard L. Sparks and Jon Patton: Relationship of L1 Skills and L2 Aptitude to L2 Anxiety on the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale

Part 5: Relationships between L1 and L2 Reading Ability

13. Richard L. Sparks: Language Deficits in Poor L2 Comprehenders: The Simple View

14. Richard L. Sparks, Jon Patton and Julie Luebbers: L2 Reading Comprehension is Hard Because L2 Listening Comprehension is Hard, Too

15. Richard L. Sparks: Identification and Characteristics of Strong, Average and Weak Foreign Language Readers: The Simple View of Reading Model

Part 6: Individual Differences in L1 Achievement, L2 Aptitude and L2 Achievement

16. Richard L. Sparks: Explaining Individual Differences in L1 Ability and their Relationship to IDs in L2 Aptitude and L2 Achievement

Part 7: Epilogue and Future Directions

17. Richard L. Sparks: Conclusion: Toward a Model of Language Aptitude

Appendices

References

What is eye tracking? Why is it important for linguistics? How can I use it in my own research project?

Answering these questions and more, this book guides you through one of the most exciting and innovative research methods in the field of linguistics. Divided into three parts, the chapters first offer an historical introduction and a foundational overview to the neurology and physiology of the eye and the common measurements and tools used in eye tracking. They then provide a guide to the applications of eye tracking most pertinent to linguists (reading, the visual-world paradigm, social eye tracking, and classroom applications), followed by a step-by-step process to plan, execute, analyze and report your research project in eye tracking. The book covers topics such as reading, lexical and syntactic processing, mind wandering, second language acquisition, and AAC devices, and includes statistical tools and how to write up results. Each chapter also includes self-study questions and a range of applied case studies.

Supported by a glossary of key terms, suggestions for further reading, and material to aid self-study, Eye Tracking in Linguistics is the only book you need to provide a solid foundation for your own research project.

Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction
Part I: The Basics
1. Historical Development
2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye
3. The Visual System in the Brain
4. Eye Tracking Basics
Part II: Applications
5. Reading
6. The Visual World Paradigm
7. Social Eye Tracking
8. Classroom attention and Lx Teaching
9. Applications in Related Fields
Part III: Using Eye-Tracking
10. Planning an Eye Tracking Study
11. Principles of Statistical Analysis
Conclusions
Bibliography
Glossary

This paper examines the impact of a curriculum designed to develop students’ Critical Language Awareness (CLA) in two postsecondary Spanish advanced grammar courses and a Hispanic Linguistics Master’s course in a public institution of the US Northeast. The study includes a unique population of Latinxs, most of them born and raised outside the US, in the Dominican Republic. Quantitative analyses reveal CLA development in the areas of language variation, linguistic diversity, language ideologies, Spanish in the US, bilingualism, and translanguaging. Qualitative data shows that students approached the course experiencing linguistic insecurity and interrogating their own academic knowledge of grammar, whereas, after taking the course, learners move from feeling “grammarless” (students’ perception of their Spanish as lacking grammar) to understanding linguistic structures, the sociopolitical nature of language, and developing agency as future language teachers.

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Este artículo examina el impacto de un plan de estudios diseñado para desarrollar Conciencia Lingüística Crítica (CLC) en dos cursos de gramática avanzada de español en educación superior y un curso de maestría en lingüística hispánica en una institución pública del noreste de Estados Unidos. El estudio incluye una población única de Latinxs, la mayoría de lxs cuales nacieron y se criaron fuera de Estados Unidos, en la República Dominicana. Los análisis cuantitativos revelan el desarrollo de la CLC en áreas como la variación lingüística, la diversidad lingüística, las ideologías lingüísticas, el español en los Estados Unidos, el bilingüismo y el translenguar. Los datos cualitativos muestran que los estudiantes llegaron al curso experimentando inseguridad lingüística e interrogando su propio conocimiento académico de la gramática, mientras que, después de tomar el curso, los aprendientes pasan de sentirse “sin gramática” (la percepción de que su español carece de gramática) a comprender las estructuras lingüísticas, la naturaleza sociopolítica del lenguaje y desarrollar agencia como futuros docentes de lenguas.

Higher education has seen an increase in enrollment in online (OL) language courses. This study (n = 176) examined why students chose to enroll in OL Spanish courses and if foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) in OL classes affects overall oral proficiency. Sex differences and FLCA in online Spanish classes were also examined. Quantitative methods included an online survey and a third-party proficiency exam, Versant for Spanish Test. Findings suggest that students do not register for OL Spanish courses to avoid speaking; however, a majority of OL Spanish students appear to suffer from FLCA. These students reported being anxious about a variety of scenarios in their OL language courses including the tests, large class size, lack of understanding or remembering the course material, and making speaking mistakes. Analyses of oral proficiency coupled with the responses to the survey showed that OL FLCA negatively correlated with oral proficiency. Notably, there was no significant difference between male and female students in self-reported FLCA.

Texto completo

This article examines vague lexical features in unplanned, naturally occurring spoken discourse among speakers of Peninsular Spanish. It focuses on vague multi-word expressions that are part of a larger category of General Extenders (GEs, Overstreet Citation1999). Drawing on a subset of data from the Corpus Oral de Referencia del Español Contemporáneo (COREC), the article describes GEs in terms of form and frequency, and illustrates the use of the three most frequent GEs vis-à-vis discursive and pragmatic functions in spoken discourse. Based on GEs' many and pivotal interactional functions as well as their frequency in attested interactions, this article proposes that language learners' metapragmatic awareness of GE use in L2 Spanish be promoted through corpus-informed instruction.

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Este artículo examina el uso de “locuciones vagas” en el discurso oral y espontáneo de hablantes de español peninsular. En particular, se analiza el uso de unidades fraseológicas que son parte de una categoría más amplia, conocida como Apéndices Generalizadores (General Extenders [GEs, Overstreet Citation1999]). El presente trabajo describe este tipo particular de locuciones en relación con su forma y frecuencia. También se ilustran algunas de las funciones discursivas y pragmáticas de los tres GEs que ocurren con mayor frecuencia en una porción del Corpus Oral de Referencia del Español Contemporáneo (COREC). Dadas las múltiples e importantes funciones de los GEs en contextos de interacción oral, al igual que su frecuencia en conversaciones auténticas, se propone promover el conocimiento metapragmático sobre los usos del “lenguaje vago” mediante la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera (ELE) basada en el uso de corpus.