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Virtual exchanges provide language learners with a unique opportunity to develop their target language skills, support inter-cultural exchange, and afford teacher candidates space to hone their teaching craft. The research presented in this volume investigates the role of virtual exchanges as both a teaching tool to support second language acquisition and a space for second language development. Practitioners obtain guidance on the different types of exchanges that currently exist and on the outcome of those exchanges so that they can make informed decisions on whether to include this type of program in their language teaching and learning classrooms. To this end, this edited volume contains chapters that describe individual virtual exchanges along with results of research done on each exchange to show how the exchange supported specific second language teaching and learning goals.

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Contenidos

Frontmatter

Preface

Contents

Introduction 

LANGUAGE AND VIRTUAL EXCHANGE
Chapter 1 
Learning-oriented assessment in an international virtual exchange
Paul Wicking 

Chapter 2
From demotivation to Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC): Japanese university learner journeys in the International Virtual ExchangeProject (IVEProject)
Eucharia Donnery

Chapter 3 
Annotating appraisal in a mobile telecollaboration project: A linguist
Alberto Andujar and Paloma Mármol Trapote

Chapter 4 
Learner appropriation of genre in a US-China virtual exchange
Carolin Fuchs, Bruce Tung and Bill Snyder

Chapter 5 
“Zoom” in and speak out: Virtual exchange in language learning
Kaishan Kong

CULTURE AND VIRTUAL EXCHANGE
Chapter 6 
Developing intercultural communicative competence in ESP contexts through virtual exchange: An ecological perspective
Anna Nicolaou and Ana Sevilla-Pavón

Chapter 7 
Video exchange telecollaboration: Towards developing interculturality in EFL environments
Martin Parsons, Mikel Garant and Elizaveta Shikhova

Chapter 8 
Taking action in a virtual exchange with Brazilian and U.S. students
Eduardo Viana da Silva and Ana Cristina Biondo Salomão

Chapter 9 
Tackling problems, finding solutions: Creativity and collaboration in crosscultural virtual exchange during a pandemic
Clara Bauler, Devin Thornburg, Óscar Ceballos, Carlos Pineda, Esther Kogan and Pirjo Sorri

TEACHER EDUCATION AND VIRTUAL EXCHANGE
Chapter 10 
Integrating the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals into a teacher preparation program: Developing content for virtual exchanges
Chesla Ann Lenkaitis

Chapter 11 
Enhancing ELLs’ understanding through the use of examples, questions, and native language connections during virtual exchange
Shannon M. Hilliker and Devindi Samarakkody

Chapter 12 
Developing linguistically responsive pedagogy among K-12 mainstream teacher candidates through virtual exchange
Alexandra Laletina, Anna Zhiganova and Elena Gritsenko

Chapter 13 
Virtual exchange to enhance English language teacher trainees’ professional development – insights from a Czech- Polish project
Blanka Babická, Barbara Loranc-Paszylk and Josef Nevaril

Conclusion

Index

This paper aims to explore the shortcomings and challenges of Applied Cognitive Linguistics (ACL) in L2 classrooms and research. It examines the main issues and presents a case study with three quasi-experimental classroom studies. These experiments taught the Spanish past simple tenses using approaches informed by Cognitive Linguistics and Communicative Language Teaching, plus a control group, through a pretest/posttest design. Results favored cognitive-pedagogical instruction, but only in one production task (Alonso-Aparicio & Llopis-García, 2019). Subsequent studies replicated and extended the first, with further changes in instruction and assessment design, but found no significant differences between experimental groups in the posttest. The discussion highlights the steps taken to ensure study success, pointing out shortcomings in traditional assessment tests that favor notional-functional instruction. We suggest alternative testing tasks that consider cognitive-based approaches and new avenues for future research, aligning with Martín-Gascón et al. (2023).

This study investigates 70 university participants’ selection of topic and acceptability relating to the explicit inclusion of social justice topics in intermediate language courses in universities in the United States. This study draws from the Critical Pedagogy and Task-Based Language Teaching as frameworks in the second language (L2) classroom. Participants enrolled in intermediate-level Spanish courses completed a series of projects in which tasks centered on social justice topics of their choosing. Qualitative data analysis revealed that language learners perceived the projects as opportunities to use real world, authentic language with the purpose of communicating in the target language. Learners reported that the incorporation of social justice in the L2 classroom provided new, meaningful learning while they developed greater awareness of issues affecting the world and acquired vocabulary and speaking skills. As a result of this study, findings support inclusion of social justice topics, even in lower-division courses.

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Este estudio investiga la elección de tema y la aceptabilidad de 70 participantes universitarios con respecto a la inclusión explícita de temas relacionados con la justicia social en cursos de español como segunda lengua (L2) en universidades estadounidenses. El estudio se basa en la Pedagogía Crítica y el Enfoque por Tareas como marcos teóricos en la clase de español L2. Los participantes completaron proyectos en los que se abordaban temas de justicia social. Los datos cualitativos revelan que los aprendices percibieron los proyectos como oportunidades para emplear su L2 de manera auténtica. Los aprendices reportaron que la introducción de la justicia social en la clase de L2 proporcionaba un aprendizaje nuevo y significativo mientras desarrollaban su conocimiento de temas que afectan al conjunto de la sociedad a la vez que adquirían el vocabulario específico y reforzaban su competencia oral. Los datos de este estudio demuestran el impacto positivo de incluir temas de justicia social en cursos de nivel inicial.

Spoken as a foreign language by around 24 million people worldwide, Spanish can be the second language (L2) of monolingually raised learners who acquire it in school. Ever more often it is also the third or a further language (L3) of learners who have previously studied another foreign language (for example Spanish after English in Germany) or who acquired more than one language during early childhood, as is the case with heritage speakers. This book explores the intersections between linguistics and language pedagogy related to the acquisition of L2 and L3 Spanish in various contexts worldwide. Fostering the interdisciplinary dialogue, it combines contributions by linguists and specialists in didactics, which not only examine the interface between basic linguistic and applied research but also develop proposals and materials for concrete teaching situations.

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Índice

Jonas Grünke, Christoph Gabriel, and Andrea Pešková
Introduction 

Cynthia Potvin
La enseñanza de un español auténtico: El caso de la variedad mexicana en Canadá   

Philippa Adolf
Differential object marking in the L2 Spanish of L1 German speakers: A corpus-based analysis  

Benjamin Meisnitzer and Christiane Neveling
Proceso de atenuación y partículas modales en la enseñanza del español en los países germanófonos   

Brandon Goodale, Rajiv Rao, and Erwin Lares
The effects of a Spanish-language house on L2 phonology: A longitudinal study of Spanish /b d ɡ/   

Patricia Uhl
Writing, reading, and listening comprehension in Spanish and French as foreign languages: Gender as an intersectional effect  

Johanna Stahnke, Laia Arnaus Gil, Julia Cadórniga Martínez, Amelia Jiménez-Gaspar, Elena Scalise, and Abira Sivakumar
Preverbal, postverbal and null subjects in Spanish: Comparing multilingual speaker groups and methods 

Christian Koch
Linking Turkish and Kurdish with Spanish: Exploring the role of heritage languages in the Spanish classroom 

Christoph Gabriel, Jonas Grünke, Licia López Pereyra, and Claudia Schlaak
Acquiring Spanish voiceless stops in a multilingual setting: An intervention study with German-Turkish bilinguals 

Javier Caro Reina and Ișık Akar
Exploring the potential of heritage Turkish for the acquisition of perfective and imperfective aspect in L3 Spanish

Lukas Eibensteiner
The acquisition of aspect in a Romance L3: What can tense-aspect studies contribute to current L3 transfer models? 

While first-language (L1) corpora have been a key tool for linguistic research in Spanish, their use for pedagogical purposes is still limited, and more corpora are needed that document the varieties of Spanish used by learners or heritage speakers of the language. In this article, we provide an overview of the research that has already been carried out with available Spanish corpora and we propose avenues for further development of the areas where there is room for growth. As an introduction to this special issue, we also summarize the highlights of each of the six articles in this volume. Finally, we conclude with a call for collaboration among Spanish corpus researchers to address the current limitations when it comes to creating corpora that include oral and longitudinal data, that are more accessible, and more useful for daily use in classrooms of Spanish as a second, foreign or heritage language.

Aunque los corpus han sido un instrumento clave en el desarrollo de la investigación lingüística en español, su uso para fines pedagógicos sigue siendo limitado. Se necesitan además más corpus que documenten las variedades utilizadas por aprendices y hablantes de herencia de español. En este artículo, ofrecemos una panorámica general de la investigación que ya se ha llevado a cabo con los corpus disponibles y proponemos sugerencias de desarrollo en ciertas áreas con potencial de crecimiento. Como introducción a este monográfico, también resumimos los contenidos de los seis artículos que componen este volumen. Finalmente, concluimos llamando a la colaboración entre investigadores en corpus en español para atajar las limitaciones actuales del campo, así como la creación de más corpus orales o longitudinales, que sean más accesibles, y que resulten más útiles para las necesidades diarias en las aulas de español como lengua extranjera, segunda lengua o lengua de herencia.

Spanish Heritage Learners' Emerging Literacy: Empirical Research and Classroom Practice introduces a comprehensive, multi-level empirical study on the writing abilities of Spanish Heritage Learners at the beginner level; the findings guide a broad selection of instructional activities and pedagogical resources to support writing development in the heritage language classroom.

This is the first book dealing exclusively with writing competence among Spanish Heritage Language Learners through the integration of empirical evidence and instructional perspectives to address core questions on heritage language literacy. In addition to the in-depth analysis of Spanish production—spelling, verb usage, grammatical features, vocabulary, and discourse organization—the volume revises the latest perspectives within the Heritage Language Education field, and provides effective teaching approaches, innovative classroom implementations, and up-to-date resources.

Contenidos
1. Heritage Languages and Spanish Heritage Language Speakers in the United States

2. Spanish Orthography in Heritage Language Writing

3. Spanish Verbs in Emerging Heritage Language Writing

4. Building Sentences in Spanish: Complexity, Fluency and Accuracy

5. Spanish Vocabulary Knowledge in Action

6. Discourse Competence and Emergent Argumentative Writing

7. Towards a Signature Curriculum for Spanish as a Heritage Language

8. Teaching and Learning Heritage Languages: New Directions, Enduring Questions

Despite substantial advances in the field of instructed second language acquisition (SLA) with regard to our understanding of second language (L2) pronunciation development and pedagogy, many language instructors continue to report a lack of confidence in incorporating pronunciation instruction (PI) into their classes. This survey study examined 100 Spanish instructors’ perceptions of the usefulness of various types of knowledge, skills, and approaches to PI, as well as their confidence in those domains, and the extent to which their previous training in teaching methods was related to their ratings of usefulness and confidence. After running principal components analyses to identify factors in the survey data, we fit mixed-effects models to each factor, then delved more deeply into some descriptive trends to offer recommendations for professional development opportunities. The latter results suggested that Spanish teachers might have greater appreciation for, as well as confidence in, focusing on segmentals over suprasegmentals, practice activities over assessment, perception assessment over production assessment, and implicit over explicit feedback. Consistent with previous research, some of the highest confidence levels were expressed regarding controlled techniques, alongside relatively low confidence in familiarity with research. Concerning metalinguistic tools, respondents seemed to value diagrams and descriptions over terminology and transcription, but they viewed these tools as less useful than perception, production, and communication practice. While greater training was often associated with higher perceptions of usefulness and confidence, there were cases where respondents with the least training showed the highest confidence. These results suggest some key priorities for teacher training.